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smelting power

  • 1 плавильная способность

    Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > плавильная способность

  • 2 плавильный

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > плавильный

  • 3 плавильная способность

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > плавильная способность

  • 4 Darby, Abraham

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1678 near Dudley, Worcestershire, England
    d. 5 May 1717 Madely Court, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England
    [br]
    English ironmaster, inventor of the coke smelting of iron ore.
    [br]
    Darby's father, John, was a farmer who also worked a small forge to produce nails and other ironware needed on the farm. He was brought up in the Society of Friends, or Quakers, and this community remained important throughout his personal and working life. Darby was apprenticed to Jonathan Freeth, a malt-mill maker in Birmingham, and on completion of his apprenticeship in 1699 he took up the trade himself in Bristol. Probably in 1704, he visited Holland to study the casting of brass pots and returned to Bristol with some Dutch workers, setting up a brassworks at Baptist Mills in partnership with others. He tried substituting cast iron for brass in his castings, without success at first, but in 1707 he was granted a patent, "A new way of casting iron pots and other pot-bellied ware in sand without loam or clay". However, his business associates were unwilling to risk further funds in the experiments, so he withdrew his share of the capital and moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. There, iron ore, coal, water-power and transport lay close at hand. He took a lease on an old furnace and began experimenting. The shortage and expense of charcoal, and his knowledge of the use of coke in malting, may well have led him to try using coke to smelt iron ore. The furnace was brought into blast in 1709 and records show that in the same year it was regularly producing iron, using coke instead of charcoal. The process seems to have been operating successfully by 1711 in the production of cast-iron pots and kettles, with some pig-iron destined for Bristol. Darby prospered at Coalbrookdale, employing coke smelting with consistent success, and he sought to extend his activities in the neighbourhood and in other parts of the country. However, ill health prevented him from pursuing these ventures with his previous energy. Coke smelting spread slowly in England and the continent of Europe, but without Darby's technological breakthrough the ever-increasing demand for iron for structures and machines during the Industrial Revolution simply could not have been met; it was thus an essential component of the technological progress that was to come.
    Darby's eldest son, Abraham II (1711–63), entered the Coalbrookdale Company partnership in 1734 and largely assumed control of the technical side of managing the furnaces and foundry. He made a number of improvements, notably the installation of a steam engine in 1742 to pump water to an upper level in order to achieve a steady source of water-power to operate the bellows supplying the blast furnaces. When he built the Ketley and Horsehay furnaces in 1755 and 1756, these too were provided with steam engines. Abraham II's son, Abraham III (1750–89), in turn, took over the management of the Coalbrookdale works in 1768 and devoted himself to improving and extending the business. His most notable achievement was the design and construction of the famous Iron Bridge over the river Severn, the world's first iron bridge. The bridge members were cast at Coalbrookdale and the structure was erected during 1779, with a span of 100 ft (30 m) and height above the river of 40 ft (12 m). The bridge still stands, and remains a tribute to the skill and judgement of Darby and his workers.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (the best source for the lives of the Darbys and the work of the company).
    H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Darby, Abraham

  • 5 cortés

    m.
    Cortes, Hernando Cortez.
    * * *
    1 courteous, polite
    \
    lo cortés no quita lo valiente familiar you can be polite but brave at the same time
    * * *
    adj.
    courteous, polite
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=atento) courteous, polite
    2)
    * * *
    adjetivo polite, courteous
    * * *
    = polite, corteous, courteous, considerate, gracious, urbane, well-mannered, chivalrous, gentlemanlike, civil, friendly-sounding.
    Ex. Events are not named according to what it is polite or ideal to call them, but according to what they are actually called by authorities in the field.
    Ex. Beneath his courteous exterior he hid a sudden spasm of profound agitation.
    Ex. However compassionate, courteous, and unpressed for time one is, it becomes necessary to move on to other duties.
    Ex. Library users fall into 4 groups: (1) patrons, who are considerate, grateful and undemanding; (2) 'pests' -- the in considerate; (3) 'pirates' who steal, deface and mutilate library property and materials; (4) 'vampires' whose enquiries make excessive demands upon the librarian's time.
    Ex. It will be necessary to be gracious when accepting what seem to be peripheral assignments from a company vice president.
    Ex. His urbane manner, formidable erudition, and background experience might have led one to conclude that perhaps he was somewhat out of his element there on the prairie.
    Ex. One should avoid giving less effort to the resolution of a problem presented by a calm, well-mannered individual than to those presented by loud, demanding, and persistent pests.
    Ex. The sketchbook features drawings illustrating the liberal arts (including personifications of the planets), the chivalrous life (including hunting and love), household remedies, mining and smelting, and war technology.
    Ex. Mr. Bingley was good-looking and gentlemanlike: he had a pleasant countenance, and easy, unaffected manners.
    Ex. This situation only really stands out because this place is normally such an oasis of gentlemanly and civil behaviour.
    Ex. The friendly-sounding British bobbies, created in 1829, were the first professional police force, copied by cities around the world.
    ----
    * poco cortés = impolite, ungentlemanlike.
    * ser cortés con = be civil towards.
    * * *
    adjetivo polite, courteous
    * * *
    = polite, corteous, courteous, considerate, gracious, urbane, well-mannered, chivalrous, gentlemanlike, civil, friendly-sounding.

    Ex: Events are not named according to what it is polite or ideal to call them, but according to what they are actually called by authorities in the field.

    Ex: Beneath his courteous exterior he hid a sudden spasm of profound agitation.
    Ex: However compassionate, courteous, and unpressed for time one is, it becomes necessary to move on to other duties.
    Ex: Library users fall into 4 groups: (1) patrons, who are considerate, grateful and undemanding; (2) 'pests' -- the in considerate; (3) 'pirates' who steal, deface and mutilate library property and materials; (4) 'vampires' whose enquiries make excessive demands upon the librarian's time.
    Ex: It will be necessary to be gracious when accepting what seem to be peripheral assignments from a company vice president.
    Ex: His urbane manner, formidable erudition, and background experience might have led one to conclude that perhaps he was somewhat out of his element there on the prairie.
    Ex: One should avoid giving less effort to the resolution of a problem presented by a calm, well-mannered individual than to those presented by loud, demanding, and persistent pests.
    Ex: The sketchbook features drawings illustrating the liberal arts (including personifications of the planets), the chivalrous life (including hunting and love), household remedies, mining and smelting, and war technology.
    Ex: Mr. Bingley was good-looking and gentlemanlike: he had a pleasant countenance, and easy, unaffected manners.
    Ex: This situation only really stands out because this place is normally such an oasis of gentlemanly and civil behaviour.
    Ex: The friendly-sounding British bobbies, created in 1829, were the first professional police force, copied by cities around the world.
    * poco cortés = impolite, ungentlemanlike.
    * ser cortés con = be civil towards.

    * * *
    polite, courteous
    lo cortés no quita lo valiente: ¿aún la saludas después de lo que te hizo? — sí, lo cortés no quita lo valiente you still say hello to her after what she did to you? — yes, politeness doesn't have to be a sign of weakness o you don't lose anything by being polite
    * * *

     

    Del verbo cortar: ( conjugate cortar)

    cortes es:

    2ª persona singular (tú) presente subjuntivo

    Multiple Entries:
    cortar    
    cortes    
    cortés
    cortar ( conjugate cortar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( dividir) ‹cuerda/pastel› to cut, chop;
    ‹ asado› to carve;
    ‹leña/madera› to chop;
    ‹ baraja› to cut;
    ◊ cortés algo por la mitad to cut sth in half o in two;

    cortés algo en rodajas/en cuadritos to slice/dice sth;
    cortés algo en trozos to cut sth into pieces
    2 (quitar, separar) ‹rama/punta/pierna› to cut off;
    ‹ árbol› to cut down, chop down;
    ‹ flores› (CS) to pick;

    3 ( hacer más corto) ‹pelo/uñas› to cut;
    ‹césped/pasto› to mow;
    ‹ seto› to cut;
    ‹ rosal› to cut back;
    ‹ texto› to cut down
    4 ( en costura) ‹falda/vestido› to cut out
    5 ( interrumpir)
    a) ‹agua/gas/luz/teléfono› to cut off;

    ‹película/programa› to interrupt
    b) ‹ calle› [policía/obreros] to close, block off;

    [ manifestantes] to block;

    6 (censurar, editar) ‹ película› to cut;
    ‹escena/diálogo› to cut (out)
    7 [ frío]:
    ◊ el frío me cortó los labios my lips were chapped o cracked from the cold weather

    verbo intransitivo
    1 [cuchillo/tijeras] to cut
    2
    a) (Cin):

    ◊ ¡corten! cut!




    cortarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( interrumpirse) [proyección/película] to stop;
    [llamada/gas] to get cut off;

    se me cortó la respiración I could hardly breathe
    2

    ‹brazo/cara› to cut;

    b) ( refl) ‹uñas/pelo› to cut;


    c) ( caus) ‹ pelo› to have … cut;


    d) [piel/labios] to crack, become chapped

    3 ( cruzarse) [líneas/calles] to cross
    4 [ leche] to curdle;
    [mayonesa/salsa] to separate
    5 (Chi, Esp) [ persona] (turbarse, aturdirse) to get embarrassed
    cortés adjetivo
    polite, courteous
    cortar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to cut
    (un árbol) to cut down
    (el césped) to mow
    2 (amputar) to cut off
    3 (la luz, el teléfono) to cut off
    4 (impedir el paso) to block
    5 (eliminar, censurar) to cut out
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (partir) to cut
    2 (atajar) to cut across, to take a short cut
    3 familiar (interrumpir una relación) to split up: cortó con su novia, he split up with his girlfriend
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar cortar por lo sano, to put an end to
    cortés adjetivo courteous, polite
    ' cortés' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    corte
    - cumplida
    - cumplido
    - disolución
    - educada
    - educado
    - gentil
    - atento
    - cortar
    - galantería
    - presidir
    English:
    attentive
    - chivalrous
    - civil
    - courteous
    - gallant
    - graceful
    - gracious
    - urbane
    - cut
    - debonair
    - polite
    * * *
    cortés adj
    polite, courteous;
    lo cortés no quita lo valiente there's no harm in being polite
    * * *
    adj courteous
    * * *
    cortés adj
    : courteous, polite
    ♦ cortésmente adv
    * * *
    Cortes npl Spanish Parliament

    Spanish-English dictionary > cortés

  • 6 planta

    f.
    1 plant (vegetal).
    planta de interior house plant
    2 plant.
    planta depuradora purification plant
    planta desalinizadora desalination plant
    planta de envase o envasadora packaging plant
    planta de montaje assembly plant
    3 floor (piso).
    4 sole.
    5 industrial plant, plant, works.
    6 top view, ground plan.
    7 sole of the foot, sole.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: plantar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: plantar.
    * * *
    1 BOTÁNICA plant
    2 (del pie) sole
    4 (industrial) plant
    \
    de nueva planta brand-new
    tener buena planta to be good-looking
    planta baja ground floor, US first floor
    * * *
    noun f.
    3) sole
    * * *
    I
    SF (Bot) plant

    planta de interior — indoor plant, houseplant

    II
    SF
    1) (=piso) floor

    planta baja — ground o (EEUU) first floor

    2) (Arquit) (=plano) ground plan
    3) (tb: planta del pie) the sole of the foot

    asentar sus plantas en — iró to install o.s. in

    4) (=aspecto)
    5) (=fábrica) plant

    planta potabilizadora — waterworks sing, water treatment plant

    6) (Baile, Esgrima) position (of the feet)
    7) (=plan) plan, programme, program (EEUU), scheme
    * * *
    1) (Bot) plant
    2) (Arquit)
    a) ( plano) plan
    b) ( piso) floor

    primera/tercera planta — second/fourth floor (AmE), first/third floor (BrE)

    3) (Tec) ( instalación) plant
    4) ( del pie) sole
    5) (tipo, apariencia)
    6) ( de empleados) staff
    * * *
    1) (Bot) plant
    2) (Arquit)
    a) ( plano) plan
    b) ( piso) floor

    primera/tercera planta — second/fourth floor (AmE), first/third floor (BrE)

    3) (Tec) ( instalación) plant
    4) ( del pie) sole
    5) (tipo, apariencia)
    6) ( de empleados) staff
    * * *
    planta1
    1 = plant.
    Nota: Biología.

    Ex: Concepts which denote parts of a plant, eg leaf, flower, etc, are also Personality concepts.

    * cesta colgante para plantas = hanging basket.
    * ciencias de las plantas = plant science(s).
    * dársele a Uno bien las plantas = have + a green thumb, have + green fingers.
    * planta acuática = aquatic plant.
    * planta anual = annual.
    * planta aromática = aromatic plant.
    * planta autóctona = indigenous plant.
    * planta bienal = biennial.
    * planta carnívora = carnivorous plant.
    * planta de floración = flowering plant.
    * planta de hoja perenne = evergreen plant, evergreen.
    * planta de interior = houseplant.
    * planta de jardín = garden plant.
    * planta de semillero = seedling.
    * planta joven = seedling.
    * planta madre = rootstock.
    * planta medicinal = medicinal plant.
    * planta ornamental = ornamental plant, ornamental.
    * planta ornamental de arriate = bedding plant.
    * planta ornamental exterior = bedding plant.
    * planta perenne = perennial.
    * planta que echa flores = bloomer.
    * planta resistente a las heladas = hardy-annual.
    * planta subtropical = subtropical plant.
    * planta trepadora = vine.
    * planta tropical = tropical plant.
    * planta vascular = vascular plant, vascular plant.
    * tener buena mano con las plantas = have + a green thumb, have + green fingers.

    planta2
    2 = floor, level, storey [story, -USA], story [storey, -UK].

    Ex: The library, which is of split-level design on 2 floors, includes a lending collection, children's library, study area, and audio-visual section.

    Ex: The other rooms on the third, second and first levels have a mixture of stacking chairs with writing board arms.
    Ex: The library is situated on the top two floors of a six storey building.
    Ex: The vista of main street shows in addition to the jumble and squeeze of shops, a 12- story skyscraper, several impressive banks, and a few elderly housing units.
    * bloque de muchas plantas = high-rise building.
    * casa de tres plantas = three-storeyed house.
    * con varias plantas = multi-storey [multistorey/multistory].
    * de dos plantas = two-storey [two-story].
    * de + Número + plantas = Número + story.
    * enfermera de planta = bedside nurse.
    * en varias plantas = multi-storey [multistorey/multistory].
    * planta baja = lower level, ground floor.
    * planta del pie = sole.

    planta3
    3 = plant.

    Ex: The author describes the approach and its application to 2 different processes: coffee roasting and decaffeination in a Nestle plant.

    * planta de automóviles = automotive plant.
    * planta de cemento = cement plant.
    * planta de embotellado = bottler.
    * planta de envasado = bottler.
    * planta de fundición = smelting plant.
    * planta de laminación de acero = steel mill.
    * planta de montaje = assembly plant.
    * planta de secado = drying plant.
    * planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage plant, sewage treatment plant.
    * planta embotelladora = bottler.
    * planta envasadora = bottler.
    * planta industrial = industrial plant.
    * planta nuclear = nuclear power station, nuclear power plant.
    * planta química = chemical plant.
    * planta siderúrgica = steel works [steelworks].

    * * *
    A ( Bot) plant
    Compuestos:
    houseplant, indoor plant
    tobacco plant
    oxygenator
    B ( Arquit)
    1 (plano) plan
    la planta y el alzado de un edificio the ground plan and elevation of a building
    2 (piso) floor
    primera/tercera planta second/fourth floor ( AmE), first/third floor ( BrE)
    una casa de dos plantas a two-story* house
    grandes ofertas en la planta de señoras big savings in the ladies' fashion department
    Compuesto:
    first floor ( AmE), ground floor ( BrE)
    C ( Tec) (instalación) plant
    una planta industrial an industrial plant
    una planta eléctrica an electricity generating plant, power plant ( AmE), power station ( BrE)
    Compuestos:
    sewage treatment plant
    recycling plant
    ● planta de reprocesamiento or reprocesado
    reprocessing plant
    food processing plant
    D (del pie) sole
    asentar sus plantas en un lugar to make oneself at home
    E
    (tipo, apariencia): de buena planta fine-looking
    un animal de magnífica planta a magnificent beast
    nuestra planta de profesores our teaching staff
    la planta de obreros de la empresa the company's work force
    * * *

     

    Del verbo plantar: ( conjugate plantar)

    planta es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    planta    
    plantar
    planta sustantivo femenino
    1 (Bot) plant;

    2 (Arquit)
    a) ( plano) plan

    b) ( piso) floor;


    planta baja first floor (AmE), ground floor (BrE)
    3 (Tec) ( instalación) plant
    4 ( del pie) sole
    plantar ( conjugate plantar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹árboles/cebollas› to plant

    b) ‹ postes› to put in;

    ‹ tienda› to pitch, put up
    2 (fam)
    a) ( abandonar) ‹ novio› to ditch (colloq), to dump (colloq);

    ‹ estudios› to give up, to quit (AmE)
    b) ( dejar plantado) ‹ persona› ( en cita) to stand … up;

    ( el día de la boda) to jilt
    plantarse verbo pronominal
    1 (fam) (quedarse, pararse) to plant oneself (colloq)
    2 (Jueg) (en cartas, apuesta) to stick
    planta sustantivo femenino
    1 Bot plant
    planta trepadora, climbing plant
    2 (piso) floor: está en la tercera planta, it's on the third floor
    planta baja, ground floor, US first floor
    un edificio de tres plantas, a three-storey building, US a three-story building
    3 (del pie) sole
    4 (constitución, aspecto) el novio tiene muy buena planta, the groom is very handsome
    plantar verbo transitivo
    1 Bot Agr to plant: plantaremos todo el jardín de jazmines, we'll plant the whole garden with jasmines
    2 (una cosa) to put, place
    3 (los estudios, un trabajo) to quit, give up
    4 (a una persona) to dump, ditch
    dejar a alguien plantado, to stand sb up
    5 (dar) to give, plant
    ♦ Locuciones: plantar cara (a alguien), to stand up (to sb)
    ' planta' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alcaparra
    - arrancar
    - café
    - central
    - chalet
    - cruzar
    - cultivo
    - directoria I
    - directorio
    - fructífera
    - fructífero
    - gomero
    - hechura
    - lacia
    - lacio
    - lechosa
    - lechoso
    - lozana
    - lozano
    - oferta
    - pimiento
    - pinchar
    - pincho
    - piso
    - poner
    - prender
    - púa
    - raquítica
    - raquítico
    - regar
    - requerir
    - resistente
    - seca
    - secarse
    - seco
    - segunda
    - segundo
    - soja
    - talle
    - tercera
    - tercero
    - yute
    - abrasar
    - achicharrar
    - agarrar
    - anís
    - anual
    - arraigar
    - bajo
    - brotar
    English:
    above
    - annual
    - biennial
    - climb
    - creep
    - curative
    - cut back
    - diseased
    - downstairs
    - evergreen
    - first
    - floor
    - floor plan
    - flourish
    - flowering
    - foul
    - ground floor
    - grow
    - hardy
    - host
    - hybrid
    - indoor
    - lush
    - luxuriant
    - nurture
    - oregano
    - plant
    - poisonous
    - potted
    - prickly
    - pull up
    - rank
    - revive
    - seedling
    - shoot up
    - shrivel
    - sole
    - stake
    - stalk
    - stem
    - sting
    - straggle
    - tear up
    - thrive
    - trail
    - train
    - venomous
    - water
    - water plant
    - waterworks
    * * *
    planta nf
    1. [vegetal] plant
    planta acuática aquatic plant;
    planta anual annual;
    planta de interior house plant, indoor plant;
    planta medicinal medicinal plant;
    planta perenne perennial;
    planta transgénica transgenic plant;
    planta trepadora climbing plant
    2. [fábrica] plant
    planta depuradora purification plant;
    planta desaladora de agua desalination plant;
    planta desalinizadora desalination plant;
    planta envasadora packaging plant;
    planta de envase packaging plant;
    RP planta faenadora de reses abattoir;
    planta de montaje assembly plant;
    planta de reciclaje recycling plant;
    planta de tratamiento de residuos waste treatment plant
    3. [piso] floor;
    planta baja Br ground floor, US first floor;
    planta primera Br first floor, US second floor
    4. [plano] plan;
    un templo de planta rectangular a temple built on a rectangular plan;
    de nueva planta brand new
    5. [del pie] sole
    6. Comp
    tener buena planta to be good-looking
    * * *
    f
    1 BOT plant
    2 ( piso) floor;
    * * *
    planta nf
    1) : plant
    planta de interior: houseplant
    2) fábrica: plant, factory
    3) piso: floor, story
    4) : staff, employees pl
    5) : sole (of the foot)
    * * *
    1. (flor) plant
    2. (piso) floor

    Spanish-English dictionary > planta

  • 7 шина (в электротехнике)

    1. wire
    2. strip
    3. strap
    4. power busbar
    5. line
    6. busbar
    7. bus rod
    8. bus line
    9. bus lead

     

    шина
    Проводник с низким сопротивлением, к которому можно подсоединить несколько отдельных электрических цепей.
    Примечание — Термин «шина» не включает в себя геометрическую форму, габариты или размеры проводника.
    [ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439.1-2013]

    шина
    Конструктивный элемент низковольтного комплектного устройства (НКУ).
    Такой конструктивный элемент предназначен для того, чтобы к нему можно было легко присоединить отдельные электрические цепи (другие шины, отдельные проводники). Такие шины могут иметь различную конструкцию, геометрическую форму и размеры.
    [Интент]

    шинопровод шина
    Медная, алюминиевая, реже стальная полоса, служащая для присоединения кабелей электрогенераторов, трансформаторов и т.д. к проводам питающей сети
    [Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

    общая шина
    -
    [IEV number 151-12-30]

    шина
    -
    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва]

    EN

    busbar
    low-impedance conductor to which several electric circuits can be connected at separate points
    NOTE – In many cases, the busbar consists of a bar.
    [IEV number 151-12-30]

    busbar
    An electrical conductor that makes a common connection between several circuits. Sometimes, electrical wire cannot accommodate high-current applications, and electricity must be conducted using a more substantial busbar — a thick bar of solid metal (usually copper or aluminum). Busbars are uninsulated, but are physically supported by insulators. They are used in electrical substations to connect incoming and outgoing transmission lines and transformers; in a power plant to connect the generator and the main transformers; in industry, to feed large amounts of electricity to equipment used in the aluminum smelting process, for example, or to distribute electricity in large buildings
    [ABB. Glossary of technical terms. 2010]

    FR

    barre omnibus, f
    conducteur de faible impédance auquel peuvent être reliés plusieurs circuits électriques en des points séparés
    NOTE – Dans de nombreux cas, une barre omnibus est constituée d’une barre.
    [IEV number 151-12-30]

     

    0079_1

    1. Сборные шины
    2. Распределительные шины

      2. Проводник прямоугольного сечения из меди, предназначенный для электротехнических целей
    (см. ГОСТ 434-78).
    Поставляется в бухтах, а также в полосах длиной не менее 2,5 м; По существу, это просто проволока прямоугольного сечения. В указанном ГОСТе и в технической документации, в которой она применяется, обязательно указываются размеры этой проволоки. Например, "Шина ШММ 8,00х40,00 ГОСТ 434-78" 0308
     

     

    шина
    Пруток прямоугольного сечения, применяемый в электротехнике в качестве проводника тока, изготовляемый прессованием или волочением.
    [ ГОСТ 25501-82]

    Тематики

    Действия

    • расположение шин «на ребро» [ПУЭ]
    • расположение шин «плашмя» [ПУЭ]

    Сопутствующие термины

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > шина (в электротехнике)

  • 8 planta3

    3 = plant.
    Ex. The author describes the approach and its application to 2 different processes: coffee roasting and decaffeination in a Nestle plant.
    ----
    * planta de automóviles = automotive plant.
    * planta de cemento = cement plant.
    * planta de embotellado = bottler.
    * planta de envasado = bottler.
    * planta de fundición = smelting plant.
    * planta de laminación de acero = steel mill.
    * planta de montaje = assembly plant.
    * planta de secado = drying plant.
    * planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales = sewage plant, sewage treatment plant.
    * planta embotelladora = bottler.
    * planta envasadora = bottler.
    * planta industrial = industrial plant.
    * planta nuclear = nuclear power station, nuclear power plant.
    * planta química = chemical plant.
    * planta siderúrgica = steel works [steelworks].

    Spanish-English dictionary > planta3

  • 9 Héroult, Paul Louis Toussaint

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1863 Thury-Harcourt, Caen, France
    d. 9 May 1914 Antibes, France
    [br]
    French metallurigst, inventor of the process of aluminium reduction by electrolysis.
    [br]
    Paul Héroult, the son of a tanner, at the age of 16, while still at school in Caen, read Deville's book on aluminium and became obsessed with the idea of developing a cheap way of producing this metal. After his family moved to Gentillysur-Bièvre he studied at the Ecole Sainte-Barbe in Paris and then returned to Caen to work in the laboratory of his father's tannery. His first patent, filed in February and granted on 23 April 1886, described an invention almost identical to that of C.M. Hall: "the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in molten cryolite into which the current is introduced through suitable electrodes. The cryolite is not consumed." Early in 1887 Héroult attempted to obtain the support of Alfred Rangod Pechiney, the proprietor of the works at Salindres where Deville's process for making sodium-reduced aluminium was still being operated. Pechiney persuaded Héroult to modify his electrolytic process by using a cathode of molten copper, thus making it possible produce aluminium bronze rather than pure aluminium. Héroult then approached the Swiss firm J.G.Nehe Söhne, ironmasters, whose works at the Falls of Schaffhausen obtained power from the Rhine. They were looking for a new metallurgical process requiring large quantities of cheap hydroelectric power and Héroult's process seemed suitable. In 1887 they established the Société Metallurgique Suisse to test Héroult's process. Héroult became Technical Director and went to the USA to defend his patents against those of Hall. During his absence the Schaffhausen trials were successfully completed, and on 18 November 1888 the Société Metallurgique combined with the German AEG group, Oerlikon and Escher Wyss, to establish the Aluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen. In the early electrolytic baths it was occasionally found that arcs between the bath surface and electrode could develop if the electrodes were inadvertently raised. From this observation, Héroult and M.Killiani developed the electric arc furnace. In this, arcs were intentionally formed between the surface of the charge and several electrodes, each connected to a different pole of the AC supply. This furnace, the prototype of the modern electric steel furnace, was first used for the direct reduction of iron ore at La Praz in 1903. This work was undertaken for the Canadian Government, for whom Héroult subsequently designed a 5,000-amp single-phase furnace which was installed and tested at Sault-Sainte-Marie in Ontario and successfully used for smelting magnetite ore.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Aluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen, 1938, The History of the Aluminium-Industrie-Aktien-Gesellschaft Neuhausen 1888–1938, 2 vols, Neuhausen.
    C.J.Gignoux, Histoire d'une entreprise française. "The Hall-Héroult affair", 1961, Metal Bulletin (14 April):1–4.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Héroult, Paul Louis Toussaint

  • 10 Rammler, Erich

    [br]
    b. 9 July 1901 Tirpersdorf, near Oelsnitz, Germany
    d. 6 November 1986 Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
    [br]
    German mining engineer, developer of metallurgic coke from lignite.
    [br]
    A scholar of the Mining Academy in Freiberg, who in his dissertation dealt with the fineness of coal dust, Rammler started experiments in 1925 relating to firing this material. In the USA this process, based on coal, had turned out to be very effective in large boiler furnaces. Rammler endeavoured to apply the process to lignite and pursued general research work on various thermochemical problems as well as methods of grinding and classifying. As producing power from lignite was of specific interest for the young Soviet Union, with its large demand from its new power stations and its as-yet unexploited lignite deposits, he soon came into contact with the Soviet authorities. In his laboratory in Dresden, which he had bought from the freelance metallurgist Paul Otto Rosin after his emigration and under whom he had been working since he left the Academy, he continued his studies in refining coal and soon gained an international reputation. He opened up means of producing coke from lignite for use in metallurgical processes.
    His later work was of utmost importance after the Second World War when several countries in Eastern Europe, especially East Germany with its large lignite deposits, established their own iron and steel industries. Accordingly, the Soviet administration supported his experiments vigorously after he joined Karl Kegel's Institute for Briquetting in Freiberg in 1945. Through his numerous books and articles, he became the internationally leading expert on refining lignite and Kegel's successor as head of the Institute and Professor at the Bergakademie. Six years later, he produced for the first time high-temperature coke from lignite low in ash and sulphur for smelting in low-shaft furnaces. Rammler was widely honoured and contributed decisively to the industrial development of his country; he demonstrated new technological processes when, under austere conditions, economical and ecological considerations were neglected.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Rammler, whose list of publications comprises more than 600 titles on various matters of his main scientific concern, also was the co-author (with E.Wächtler) of two articles on the development of briquetting brown coal in Germany, both published in 1985, Freiberger Forschungshefte, D 163 and D 169, Leipzig.
    Further Reading
    E.Wächtler, W.Mühlfriedel and W.Michel, 1976, Erich Rammler, Leipzig, (substantial biography, although packed with communist propaganda).
    M.Rasch, 1989, "Paul Rosin—Ingenieur, Hochschullehrer und Rationalisierungsfachmann". Technikgeschichte 56:101–32 (describes the framework within which Rammler's primary research developed).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Rammler, Erich

  • 11 Roebuck, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 1718 Sheffield, England
    d. 17 July 1794
    [br]
    English chemist and manufacturer, inventor of the lead-chamber process for sulphuric acid.
    [br]
    The son of a prosperous Sheffield manufacturer, Roebuck forsook the family business to pursue studies in medicine at Edinburgh University. There he met Dr Joseph Black (1727–99), celebrated Professor of Chemistry, who aroused in Roebuck a lasting interest in chemistry. Roebuck continued his studies at Leyden, where he took his medical degree in 1742. He set up in practice in Birmingham, but in his spare time he continued chemical experiments that might help local industries.
    Among his early achievements was his new method of refining gold and silver. Success led to the setting up of a large laboratory and a reputation as a chemical consultant. It was at this time that Roebuck devised an improved way of making sulphuric acid. This vital substance was then made by burning sulphur and nitre (potassium nitrate) over water in a glass globe. The scale of the process was limited by the fragility of the glass. Roebuck substituted "lead chambers", or vessels consisting of sheets of lead, a metal both cheap and resistant to acids, set in wooden frames. After the first plant was set up in 1746, productivity rose and the price of sulphuric acid fell sharply. Success encouraged Roebuck to establish a second, larger plant at Prestonpans, near Edinburgh. He preferred to rely on secrecy rather than patents to preserve his monopoly, but a departing employee took the secret with him and the process spread rapidly in England and on the European continent. It remained the standard process until it was superseded by the contact process towards the end of the nineteenth century. Roebuck next turned his attention to ironmaking and finally selected a site on the Carron river, near Falkirk in Scotland, where the raw materials and water power and transport lay close at hand. The Carron ironworks began producing iron in 1760 and became one of the great names in the history of ironmaking. Roebuck was an early proponent of the smelting of iron with coke, pioneered by Abraham Darby at Coalbrookdale. To supply the stronger blast required, Roebuck consulted John Smeaton, who c. 1760 installed the first blowing cylinders of any size.
    All had so far gone well for Roebuck, but he now leased coal-mines and salt-works from the Duke of Hamilton's lands at Borrowstonness in Linlithgow. The coal workings were plagued with flooding which the existing Newcomen engines were unable to overcome. Through his friendship with Joseph Black, patron of James Watt, Roebuck persuaded Watt to join him to apply his improved steam-engine to the flooded mine. He took over Black's loan to Watt of £1,200, helped him to obtain the first steam-engine patent of 1769 and took a two-thirds interest in the project. However, the new engine was not yet equal to the task and the debts mounted. To satisfy his creditors, Roebuck had to dispose of his capital in his various ventures. One creditor was Matthew Boulton, who accepted Roebuck's two-thirds share in Watt's steam-engine, rather than claim payment from his depleted estate, thus initiating a famous partnership. Roebuck was retained to manage Borrowstonness and allowed an annuity for his continued support until his death in 1794.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Memoir of John Roebuck in J.Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. 4 (1798), pp. 65–87.
    S.Gregory, 1987, "John Roebuck, 18th century entrepreneur", Chem. Engr. 443:28–31.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Roebuck, John

  • 12 Williams, Thomas

    [br]
    b. 13 May 1737 Cefn Coch, Anglesey, Wales
    d. 29 November 1802 Bath, England
    [br]
    Welsh lawyer, mine-owner and industrialist.
    [br]
    Williams was articled by his father, Owen Williams of Treffos in Anglesey, to the prominent Flintshire lawyer John Lloyd, whose daughter Catherine he is believed to have married. By 1769 Williams, lessee of the mansion and estate of Llanidan, was an able lawyer with excellent connections in Anglesey. His life changed dramatically when he agreed to act on behalf of the Lewis and Hughes families of Llysdulas, who had begun a lawsuit against Sir Nicholas Bayly of Plas Newydd concerning the ownership and mineral rights of copper mines on the western side of Parys mountain. During a prolonged period of litigation, Williams managed these mines for Margaret Lewis on behalf of Edward Hughes, who was established after a judgement in Chancery in 1776 as one of two legal proprietors, the other being Nicholas Bayly. The latter then decided to lease his portion to the London banker John Dawes, who in 1778 joined Hughes and Thomas Williams when they founded the Parys Mine Company.
    As the active partner in this enterprise, Williams began to establish his own smelting and fabricating works in South Wales, Lancashire and Flintshire, where coal was cheap. He soon broke the power of Associated Smelters, a combine holding the Anglesey mine owners to ransom. The low production cost of Anglesey ore gave him a great advantage over the Cornish mines and he secured very profitable contracts for the copper sheathing of naval and other vessels. After several British and French copper-bottomed ships were lost because of corrosion failure of the iron nails and bolts used to secure the sheathing, Williams introduced a process for manufacturing heavily work-hardened copper bolts and spikes which could be substituted directly for iron fixings, avoiding the corrosion difficulty. His new product was adopted by the Admiralty in 1784 and was soon used extensively in British and European dockyards.
    In 1785 Williams entered into partnership with Lord Uxbridge, son and heir of Nicholas Bayly, to run the Mona Mine Company at the Eastern end of Parys Mountain. This move ended much enmity and litigation and put Williams in effective control of all Anglesey copper. In the same year, Williams, with Matthew Boulton and John Wilkinson, persuaded the Cornish miners to establish a trade cooperative, the Cornish Metal Company, to market their ores. When this began to fall in 1787, Williams took over its administration, assets and stocks and until 1792 controlled the output and sale of all British copper. He became known as the "Copper King" and the output of his many producers was sold by the Copper Offices he established in London, Liverpool and Birmingham. In 1790 he became Member of Parliament for the borough of Great Marlow, and in 1792 he and Edward Hughes established the Chester and North Wales Bank, which in 1900 was absorbed by the Lloyds group.
    After 1792 the output of the Anglesey mines started to decline and Williams began to buy copper from all available sources. The price of copper rose and he was accused of abusing his monopoly. By this time, however, his health had begun to deteriorate and he retreated to Bath.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.R.Harris, 1964, The "Copper King", Liverpool University Press.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Williams, Thomas

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